The HAL is the layer closest to the hardware. The kernel has two parts the executive services interface which contain a group of services that operate in kernel mode and the HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer). This makes for a more stable system, preventing wayward applications from crashing the entire system. All application requests from the shell must pass through the kernel to the hardware. The kernel operates in kernel mode, a more powerful mode of operation so it can communicate better with the hardware. The kernel is also responsible for interacting with the hardware. It can be responsible for such things as disk drive management, interrupt handler, file management, memory management, process management, etc. As the center of the operating system, the kernel need to be small, efficient and loaded into a protected area in the memory so as not to be overwritten. When referring to an operating system, the kernel is the first section of the operating system to load into memory.
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